Nkhani yokhudzana ndi malingaliro a amuna ndi akazi imayang'ana kwambiri zomwe zaka mazana ambiri za chikhalidwe cha makolo adachitira akazi komanso malo awo pagulu. Chowonadi chikadali chakuti stereotypes ndi kukondera kumakhudza tonsefe. Monga akazi, amuna ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zizindikiritso za jenda ndi mawu (kupatulapo jenda), nawonso amakhala ndi malingaliro olakwika.
Kuyerekeza amuna ngati 'amphamvu', 'olimba', 'osatopa', 'osadodometsedwa ndi kutengeka mtima' kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zakutali - zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa - zotsatira pamalingaliro awo ndi kudzimva kwawo. Zitha kupangitsa kuti amuna achepetse zomwe akumana nazo komanso kuyanjana kwawo - mkati ndi m'dziko lozungulira - chifukwa choopa kuweruzidwa, kuchititsidwa manyazi ndi kulangidwa ngati atuluka kunja kwa "bokosi la munthu" lomwe limatchedwa malingaliro achikhalidwe omwe amaperekedwa kwa iwo.
M'zaka za zana la 21, komwe, kumbali imodzi, tikukamba za kusagwirizana kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso bungwe laumwini kuti adzifotokoze yekha, kulimbikira kwa archetypal 'man box' ndi zokondera zake zonse ndi zikhulupiriro zolepheretsa ndizodabwitsa komanso zosafunikira.
Tikufufuza momwe malingaliro a amuna akhazikitsira muyezo wosayenereka wa magwiridwe antchito, kupambana ndi khalidwe kwa amuna, pokambirana ndi mlangizi wa kufanana, kusiyanasiyana & kuphatikizana komanso loya wamakampani, Woyambitsa Samāna Centre for Gender, Policy and Law, Aparna Mittal (BA LLB Hons), kuti tiwunikire tsankho lomwe linali la m'zaka za m'ma 1900 ndipo ndi loyenera kutsalira.
Amuna Osakhulupirira: Njira Zodziwika ndi Zokhudza Zake
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Tisanafufuze m’njira zosiyanasiyana zimene anthu amafalitsira maganizo oipa a amuna ndi kufalitsidwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwo, tiyeni titenge kamphindi kuti timvetse tanthauzo la stereotyping. Mwachidule, kuganiza mozama kungatanthauzidwe kukhala “chithunzi chofala koma chokhazikika ndi chosavuta kumva kapena lingaliro la mtundu winawake wa munthu kapena chinthu.”
"Pankhani ya kuganiza molakwika kwa amuna, kumatanthauza makhalidwe ena okhudzana ndi amuna omwe amayembekezeredwa - kukhala amphamvu, anzeru, alpha," akutero Aparna. Zovuta za amuna omwe amangoganiza molakwika zitha kumveka kudzera mu "man box" - mawu omwe adapangidwa ndi Mark Green mu 2013 kufotokoza mikhalidwe yayikulu yaumuna.
Imadziwikanso kuti Hegemonic Masculinity, imatanthawuza malingaliro okhwima, ziyembekezo ndi makhalidwe ozungulira zomwe zimapanga khalidwe la 'mwamuna'. Popeza limagwira ntchito ngati utsogoleri wotsogola, 'man box' imasiya amuna omwe sakugwirizana bwino ndi kufotokozera kwa "mwamuna weniweni". Ndicho chifukwa chake stereotypes amuna pagulu ndi zovuta.
Aparna anawonjezera kuti: “Maganizo a amuna m’chitaganya amadalira zinthu zimene achita, mphamvu, ndi maganizo awo. Kuti tiwone bwino, tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zodziwika za amuna omwe amangoganiza mozama komanso momwe amakhudzira:
Kuwerenga Kofanana: Mtolo Wosamalira, Mphamvu Yomwe Nthawi Zambiri Imanyalanyazidwa ya Mliri pa Akazi
1. Amuna ayenera kukhala olimba
Kuyambira ali aang'ono, anyamata amapatsidwa malingaliro monga 'anyamata salira' kapena 'amuna enieni samva ululu'. Popeza vutoli limachitika ali mwana ndipo limakhala lozama kwambiri m'gulu la anthu, lingapangitse amuna kukhala ndi moyo wopondereza malingaliro awo kapena kusadziwa momwe akumvera. Mu kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Plan International USA , anyamata oposa gawo limodzi mwa atatu omwe adatenga nawo mbali adati amaganiza kuti anthu amawayembekezera kuti akhale "amuna" ndi "kusangalala".
"Mwamuna yemwe akufuna kutengeka mwaufulu ndiye amakhala wopanda pake. Timaphunzitsidwa kuweruza aliyense amene achoka pamalingaliro awa. Izi zimayika chitsenderezo chachikulu kwa amuna kuti azisunga limodzi nthawi zonse, azikhala osagwirizana komanso osapereka malingaliro awo enieni," akutero Aparna.
Pokhala ndi malingaliro olakwika a tanthauzo la kukhala wamphamvu kukhala wozikika m’maganizo mwawo, amuna ambiri amasonkhezeredwa kukhulupirira kuti kulankhula za nkhani zawo ndi nkhaŵa zawo ndi ena kumawonedwa kukhala kofooka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amuna amayembekezeredwa kuchita zinthu zolimba. Mnyamata amene sabwezera amatengedwa kuti ndi wofooka ndipo amuna amayenera kuwoneka amphamvu ngakhale atakhala ndi mantha kapena mantha.
Maganizo olakwika awa a amuna adafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wokhudza kukhala mnyamata ku Australia, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti kuganiza molakwika kwa amuna ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi. Tsankho pakati pa amuna ndi akazi limachokera kwambiri m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.
2. Udindo wa amuna
“Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zofala za kutengeka maganizo kwa amuna n’chakuti ntchito zina ndi za amuna okha, pamene ntchito zina si za amuna zokwanira kutsatiridwa ndi ‘amuna enieni.
"Mchitidwe womwewo umatanthauzidwa pa ntchito iliyonse yaukatswiri yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikufuna ulamuliro kapena udindo waulamuliro - kuyambira oyang'anira mabungwe akulu akulu mpaka andale ndi atsogoleri amayiko." Pamene maudindo achimuna m'derali akupitiliza kuwonedwa ngati "ntchito za amuna" zabwino, zimasokoneza luso la munthu lofufuza zomwe angakwanitse komanso luso lodziwonera yekha. munthu payekha,” akutero Aparna.
Maganizo amenewa okhudza maudindo a amuna m'gulu la anthu samangokhudza mtundu wa ntchito zomwe amuna “ayenera” kuchita komanso momwe akuyenera kukhalira kuntchito. Kusonyeza chikhumbo chofuna kuchepetsa maudindo aukadaulo kuti ayang'ane kwambiri moyo wawo kapena kugonja akamapanikizika kumaonedwa kuti ndi chifukwa chosakhala ‘amuna okwanira’. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti amuna omwe analira kuntchito amaonedwa kuti ndi osadziwa bwino ntchito poyerekeza ndi akazi omwe analira.
3. Umuna woopsa womwe umasonyezedwa kudzera m'manyuzipepala umalimbikitsa maganizo a amuna pagulu
Maganizo a amuna m'gulu la anthu amalimbikitsidwanso nthawi zonse kudzera m'malingaliro olakwika a momwe zimakhalira kukhala 'mwamuna weniweni' omwe amawonetsedwa m'manyuzipepala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu otchuka - m'mafilimu, zotsatsa, komanso tsopano, ngakhale pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. "Anthu ambiri omwe timawawonetsa pa TV amawongolera umuna woyipa . Amuna amakula akukhulupirira kuti ayenera kutsatira mfundo izi za umuna zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu nkhanza, kusaganizira ena komanso kunyalanyaza chilolezo," akutero Aparna.
Zotsatira za lipoti, Ngati Iye Angakhoze Kuziwona, Kodi Adzakhala Izo? Zoyimira Masculinity mu Televisheni ya Anyamata, nazonso zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro ofanana. Nkhanza, nkhanza, kusalabadira m'maganizo, kulera m'manja ndi kusiya LGBTQA+ ndi PWD (anthu olumala) zomwe zimawonetsedwa m'ma TV zitha kupangitsa amuna kukhala ndi malingaliro opotoka a momwe zimakhalira kukhala mwamuna weniweni udakali aang'ono.
Amuna ongoyerekeza motere amakwatiranso kwambiri umuna woopsawu ndi malingaliro odana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mwamuna wachiwerewere amatchulidwa kuti 'gay' ngakhale lero. Amuna okondana nawonso sakwanira mu 'bokosi la amuna', motero, amangotengedwa ngati ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kupatula kulimbikitsa maganizo a amuna ndi akazi, kumawonjezeranso vuto la kudzipatula komanso kusavomereza kuti ali ndi amuna ochepa.
Kuwerenga Kofanana: Momwe Mungasinthirenso Maudindo a Amuna ndi Akazi Pantchito Zapakhomo
4. Maudindo achikhalidwe achimuna mdera lawo amakhudzanso maubwenzi apamtima
“Choyamba, udindo wa amuna ndi akazi m’chitaganya umakhudza maunansi apamtima mwa kuchepetsa kutengeka maganizo kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe.
"Mofananamo, malingaliro a amuna m'derali amawonetsa bwino maudindo a amuna ndi akazi . Ngakhale mwamuna ndi mkazi akagawana ntchito zapakhomo ndi maudindo, ntchito zambiri 'zachimuna' monga ukalipentala, kukonza zinthu m'nyumba, kukonza magalimoto ndi kukonza zimakhala za amuna pomwe kukonza kuphika, kuyeretsa, ndi kuchapa zovala kumakhala gawo la akazi."
"Izi zimakhudzanso udindo womwe amuna angakhale nawo m'miyoyo ya ana awo." Mkazi amaganiziridwabe kuti ndiye wosamalira wamkulu, pamene mwamuna ndiye wopereka ndalama zambiri.
Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti ngakhale theka la abambo amaganiza kuti amuna ayenera kutenga tchuthi cha abambo, 36% yokha ndi omwe amalandira tchuthi chawo chonse chololedwa. Izi sizimangopangitsa kuti amuna ndi akazi asamagwirizane pa ntchito, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti akazi azinyamula katundu wambiri, komanso zimalanda amuna mwayi wokhala gawo lalikulu la ulendo wa ana awo wokulirapo ndikukhala paubwenzi wolimba nawo.
5. Ma sterotypes sapangitsa kuti pakhale kusamvana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi
"The binary binary amuna ndi akazi amaika anthu m'mabokosi ndi kunyalanyaza kwathunthu fluidity jenda. Izi amafuna kuchotsa munthu payekha payekha ndi kukana iwo, amene ali osiyana, kukhalapo kwawo kwenikweni. Miyezo yokumba yoperekedwa ndi stereotypes ponena za maudindo, luso, makhalidwe, ndi zina, kuika chitsenderezo chachikulu kwa anthu amene chizindikiritso cha jenda ndi kugwirizana ndi bokosi sagwirizana ndi jenda).
Amuna ongoyerekeza amabweretsa mndandanda wosaneneka wa mitundu (pokhapokha mukuchita zinthu za X,Y,Z ndiwe 'mwamuna wokwanira') zomwe anthu amathera moyo wawo wonse akumamatira, mozindikira kapena mosazindikira. Izi, zimawachotsera mwayi wochita bwino monga momwe alili. stereotyping imakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa abambo - kuyambira paubwana wawo kupita ku maulendo awo akatswiri komanso maubwenzi apamtima.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake kutsutsa malingaliro a amuna pagulu kumafuna nthawi yamphamvu yosinkhasinkha yomwe imafuna aliyense wa ife kudzifunsa kuti, "Kodi ine ndine wowona mtima kwambiri?" Izi zimafunika osati kuti amasule akazi ku malingaliro ndi kukondera kwa makolo komanso amuna. Pokhapokha tingathe kulembanso zolemba za chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamodzi.
Zolakwika Zomwe Amuna Amaganiza & Kukhulupirira Zokhudza Akazi
Chopereka chanu sichikutanthauza chopereka chachifundo . Chidzalola Bonobology kupitiliza kukubweretserani chidziwitso chatsopano komanso chaposachedwa poyesetsa kuthandiza aliyense padziko lonse lapansi kuphunzira momwe angachitire chilichonse.
