Ungabhekana Kanjani Nomlingani Okhanyisa Kagesi?

Uke waba sesimweni lapho imizwa yakho iye yachithwa umlingani wakho futhi ibhalwe ngokuthi "encane" noma "encane?" Uma uyisisulu sala malebula angadingekile, ngokudabukisayo, kungase kube inkomba yokuthi uyisisulu somlingani womshado okhanyisa igesi. Uma ushade nobuntu be-gaslighter, ukuhlala nsuku zonke endaweni yokukhanyisa igesi kungaba intela kakhulu. Ngalawa macebiso, ungakwazi ukubhekana nomlingani we-gaslighting ngendlela engcono.

Abantu ngokuvamile abaqapheli ukuthi bayizisulu zokukhanyiswa kwegesi njengoba ukukhanya kwegesi kuvame ukungabonakali kuze kube yilapho umlingani ekugcineni ebona ukuthi ubudlelwano bunobuthi. Izimpawu zokukhanya kwegesi ngokuvamile zicashile futhi kunzima ukuzibona. Ngokwesichazamazwi sesiNgisi i-Oxford, “ukukhanyisa igesi kuwukuxhaphaza (umuntu) ngezindlela ezingokwengqondo ukuze angabaze ukusangana kwakhe kwengqondo.”

Ngaphambi kokuthi sidlulele endleleni yokubhekana nomlingani okhanyisa igesi, asiqinisekise ukuthi sisekhasini elilodwa uma sikhuluma ngezinto ezifana nokukhanyiswa kwegesi emshadweni. Lisho ukuthini ngempela? Izibonakalisa kanjani? Hlobo luni lomonakalo olungawenza? Ake siphendule yonke imibuzo yakho evuthayo.

Kuyini I-Gaslighting?

Ukukhanyisa igesi uhlobo lokulawula ingqondo lapho wenziwa khona ukuthi uzibuze iqiniso lakho. Lena yindlela eyingozi umuntu okhanyisa igesi angayisebenzisa kuwe oqala ukuzizwa ungaqiniseki ngokuhluzeka kwengqondo kwakho. Ukuze uqonde ukukhanyisa igesi ungabhekisela efilimini ethi “ Gaslight ” eyenziwe ngo-1944. Le filimu ethokozisayo ngokwengqondo idlala u-Ingrid Bergman, odlala umkakhe, olawulwa ngumyeni wakhe ukuze akholelwe ukuthi uyahlanya.

Ifilimu ethi “ Sleeping With The Enemy ” igxile nasekukhanyiseni igesi. Ingxenye embi kakhulu yokukhanyisa igesi ukuthi idla kancane kancane ukuzethemba kwakho njengoba imisho yokukhanyisa igesi iphindaphindwa njalo ukuze kufezwe injongo yomuntu okhanyisa igesi. Ukukhanyisa igesi kungenzeka kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lobuhlobo lapho udla khona amanga uze uqale ukuwakholelwa.

Kungenzeka phakathi kwabalingani, phakathi komphathi nomuntu ophansi, phakathi komholi wezepolitiki nabalandeli bakhe, noma phakathi komzali nengane. Isibonelo, uma umlingani wakho ekuthethisa emhlanganweni womphakathi bese nibhekana naye ngakho kamuva, umyeni ovutha amalangabi angase athi, “Uyahlanya yini?

Ukwenqaba okusobala okunjalo ukwamukela noma imuphi umthwalo wemfanelo kungase kubonakale kungenangqondo ekuqaleni, kodwa uma bephikelela embonweni wabo, kungaholela kalula ekungabazeni iqiniso lakho siqu. Maduze nje, ungase ucabange, "Ima, kukhona yini akwenzile okungalungile? Noma empeleni ngisabela ngokweqile?"

Uma kuyekwa kunganakiwe, ukukhohlisa okunjalo kungase kukushiye ungabaza owakho umbono weqiniso. Ungahambisa kunoma yini umlingani wakho akushoyo futhi angase aqale ukungabaza izinkumbulo zakho, ukuthatha izinqumo kanye nokuzethemba kwakho. Ukukhanya kwegesi, okusho ukuthi, ukukhohlisa umuntu kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo kuye engalimaza noma yibuphi ubudlelwano besikhathi esizayo abanabo futhi. Yingakho kubaluleke kangaka ukuqonda indlela yokuyeka gaslight ebuhlotsheni.

Ukufunda Okuhlobene: Ingabe Isoka Lakho Elinomona Liyalawula Futhi Liyalawula?

Iyini I-Gaslighter Personality?

Ubuntu obungenawo umoya yilowo olawula ngokwengqondo wena , imicabango yakho kanye nemizwa yakho. Lokho ekugcineni kukwenza ungabaze. Bangathanda ukukukhumbuza njalo ukuthi wenza kanjani “izinto eziningi” noma ukuthi usabela kanjani ngokweqile (futhi!) esikhundleni sokuqinisekisa imibono yakho nokuyilalela.

“Uhlala wenza izinto ezinkulu. Akuyona ngisho inkinga enkulu kangako”, “Uyingqondo. Uhlale ucabanga izinto”, “Izinkinga zakho azizona ezangempela. Lezi ezinye izitatimende ezivamile zobuntu be-gaslighter.

Ukukhanyisa igesi ebudlelwaneni kungaba nezisusa eziningi ngemuva kwakho. Umuntu angakwenza ukuze azame ukubalekela noma yiziphi izinsolo abekwa zona. Kwezinye izimo, bangase bakwenzele ukulawula noma ukubusa umlingani wabo. Ezimweni lapho bekholelwa ngempela eqinisweni labo siqu, ukukhanya kwegesi emishadweni kungase kwenzeke bengaqondile.

Kungani Abantu Be-Gaslight?

Umuntu osebenzisa igesi ungumuntu ozicabangela yena yedwa, othanda indlela yokungathandi umphakathi, noma ezinye izinkinga zokuziphatha ezinjalo. Banesidingo esikhulu sokubusa abanye. Konke kufanele kuhambe ngendlela yabo futhi konke kuzophela uma uzama ukungabaza inhloso yabo. Ngempela, impendulo ethi “Kungani abantu besebenzisa igesi?” inganikezwa ngegama elilodwa nje: amandla.

Ama-gaslighters anesidingo esingaqondakali sokulawula nokuba namandla phezu kwabanye. Ebudlelwaneni, umlingani we-gaslighting uziphatha ngendlela efanayo ukuze abe namandla phezu komshado wabo. Incazelo ye-gaslight isitshela ukuthi kuyindlela yokukhohlisa, kodwa njengoba abantu bengase bahluke kancane, izisusa zabo ngokuvamile zingahluka kuye ngesimo.

Ingabe Ukukhanyisa Ngegesi Kwenziwa Ngenhloso?

Ngokuvamile, lowo olayitha uphethiloli angase angaboni nakancane ukuthi wenza lokho. Cishe bakhulele ebudlelwaneni, obufana nobukabazali babo, obabuphumelela emzabalazweni wezikhundla. Yilokhu kuguquguquka kwamandla okungazinzile okuholela ekutheni umuntu oyedwa alawule omunye ngoba enomuzwa wokuthi angakwazi.

Ngakho-ke ungase uqonde ukuthi unendoda ekhohlisayo noma umfazi okhohlisayo , kodwa cishe abacabangi ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhafula igesi akuyona into engahlosiwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Impumelelo ekhulayo yomlingani, umona, kanye nezizathu eziningana ezinjalo kungaholela ekuziphatheni kokukhafula igesi okwenziwe ngamabomu.

Uma inkinga yethulwa kumlingani okhipha igesi ngomoya ophansi futhi bephika ngokuqinile, khona-ke kuba yinkomba yokuthi ukukhanya kwegesi kwenziwa ngamabomu, ngoba abafuni ukuvuma iphutha labo. Yingakho kunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nomlingani okhipha igesi noma ukuyeka ukukhanyisa.

Amanye amasu asetshenziswa ngumuntu okhipha igesi ukululaza, ukugodla, ukuvimba, ukuvimbezela ubudlelwano , ukuphambukisa, ukuphika kanye nokuhlambalaza. Njengoba lokhu kuhlose ukulinganisela ukuxhumana kanye nokushintsha amathuba okuba nomthelela kubo, ukuqonda ukuthi ungasabela kanjani kumlingani okhipha igesi kuba nzima kakhulu.

Ingabe ushade nobuntu be-gaslighter?

Nakuba manje usuyazi impendulo yokuthi, “Kusho ukuthini ukuthulula umuntu ngegesi?” Kungase kube nzima ngokungalindelekile ukukhomba uma kwenzeka kuwe. Uma kuyekwa kunganakiwe, ukuba yisisulu salokhu kukhohlisa kungadala umonakalo empilweni yakho yengqondo. Ake sibheke izici ezimbalwa ezingase ziveze ukuthi usebudlelwaneni nomuntu osebenzisa igesi.

• Bavame ukuqamba amanga kuwe futhi abazizwa benecala ngakho
• Abakwazi ukuvuma amaphutha abo
• Bathukuthela kakhulu uma begxekwa
• Banolaka ngakho konke okushiwo kubo
• Abalokothi baqinisekise imizwa yakho futhi bakuphoqelele ukuthi ucabange njengabo
• Konke okushoyo kubo kuyithuba lokukuchoma
• Bayakukhohlisa futhi bazame ukukulawula ngayo yonke indlela abangayenza

Ekugcineni, indoda ecasula abanye, noma umfazi okhohlisayo uzozama ukulawula imicabango yakho ngokunganaki imibono yakho nokubeka eyakhe kuqala. Kuzoba nokuntuleka kwenhlonipho okusobala ebuhlotsheni bakho , ngoba kuzobonakala ukuthi ngeke bakunake kakhulu lokho okushoyo.

Ukugcizelela emishwaneni yokukhanyisa igesi

Ngaphambi kokuthi sithole ukuthi singaphendula kanjani kumlingani okhanyisa igesi, sidinga ukubheka zonke izinto abazishoyo ukuze bafeze ukukhohlisa kwabo. Kukhona imishwana ejwayelekile ye-narcissist gaslighting esetshenziselwa ukukhohlisa umuntu. Ezinye izibonelo ezijwayelekile zemisho ye-gaslighting yilezi:

• Bekuyihlaya nje, awuzange ukuthole amahlaya
• Ingabe uba i-psycho?
• Awuvikelekile futhi unomona
• Udinga kakhulu futhi uyagabadela
• Uhlale ucabanga izinto
• Ngempela? Akuzange kwenzeke nhlobo lokho
• Ngabe unaso isihlobo ebesihlanya?
• Ulahlekelwa inkumbulo yesikhashana
• Akukaze kwenzeke kanjalo
• Uyakwenza lokho
• Yeka ukungidida

Kusho ukuthini ukukhanyisa umuntu? Kusho ukuphuca umuntu ukucabanga kwakhe okujulile, umphoqelele ukuba abuze izinkumbulo zakhe nengqondo yakhe. Kungagcina kuholele ekutheni umuntu abekezelele ubudlelwano obunobuthi, ngoba engazi nokuthi ukhanyiswa ngegesi.

Ungabhekana Kanjani Nomlingani Okhanyisa Kagesi?

Manje njengoba usuyazi ukuthi kuyini ukushaqeka ngegesi nokuthi kuyini ubuntu bokushaqeka ngegesi, cishe uzizwa ucasukile futhi ubambe ikhanda lakho ucabanga ukuthi, “Ubhekana kanjani nokushaqeka ngegesi?” Kungase kungabi lula ukubhekana nomlingani wakho oshaqeka ngegesi, kodwa ngala macebiso, izinto zingase zibe lula kancane. Unganciphisa imiphumela yokuxhashazwa ngokomzwelo kokushaqeka ngegesi.

Ukufunda Okuhlobene: Ukudalula Umuntu Othanda Ukuzithanda – Okufanele Ukwazi

1. Phendula ngokushesha ezimangalweni zabo

Ukuphikisana nomuntu okhipha igesi akusizi ngalutho. Bazokwehlisa isithunzi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi bazokwenza kube lula ukuthi kubonakale sengathi yiphutha lakho. Kukangaki oshade naye esho izinto kuwe njengokuthi “Uhlala uthukuthele”, noma “yeka ukwenza izinto ngendlela exakile”, noma “kungani uhlala usabela ngokweqile ezintweni?”

Kubuhlungu ukukuchazela lokhu, kodwa leli isu elijwayelekile labo bonke abantu abasebenzisa igesi. Lena yimpendulo ethi “Uyini umuntu osebenzisa igesi?” Bazokweyisa, kodwa uma bebhekene nentukuthelo, bazohlasela bese bephonsa izimangalo ezikhungathekisayo kuwe. Bese kuzodingeka ubhekane nomyeni othukuthele osebenzisa igesi.

Kungaba nzima ngempela ukugcina upholile lapho usebenza ne-gaslighter, kodwa udinga ukuzama noma kunjalo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kufundise wonke umuntu oshade naye ukuthi umlingani wabo okhanyisa igesi ngeke aqonde uhlangothi lwakho lwengxabano.

Ukuze usinde ekukhanyeni kwegesi, udinga ukubatshela ngesineke ukuthi ulwazi lwakho lwesimangalo sabo alufani nolwabo. Cela ukubahlalisa phansi baxoxe ngakho. Umuntu we-gaslighter uyazivikela futhi uthukuthele. Ukuba nengqondo kukho konke kungase kube nomphumela wokuzola kubo.

2. Ukuqagela okwesibili kungu-BIG no-cha!

Abashadile bavame ukuzibuza ukuthi kungani abantu bevutha? Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ukwenza ukuthi uziqagele ngokwakho ukuze izinto zisebenze njengoba i-gaslighter ifuna zisebenze. Njengomuntu osothandweni, ungase uqale ukukholelwa izimangalo zomlingani wakho wokuphuza igesi futhi ucabange ukuthi uyinkinga ebuhlotsheni. Ukwehlisela umuntu phansi isikhali se-gaslighter.

Ukusebenzelana nomlingani wakho osebenzisa igesi kungaba yinto enzima kakhulu, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi uzethembe ngenkathi ubhekene nobudlelwano obunobuthi . Kunoma yisiphi isimangalo somlingani wakho osebenzisa igesi, yima kancane ucabange ukuthi lokho abakusola ngakho kuyiqiniso yini. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokho okukholelwayo ngempela nalokho ocindezelwa ukuba ukukholelwe.

Ukuqonda umehluko kubalulekile endleleni yokusinda ekukhanyeni kwegesi. Ungazingabazi. Lapho uqiniseka ngokwengeziwe ngezinkolelo zakho, kuyoba lula ukubhekana nomngane womshado ofana negesi.

3. Zigcine uzinzile ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze ubhekane ne-gaslight ebudlelwaneni

Awukwazi ukusinda ekukhanyeni kwegesi uma ungazi ukuthi ungubani. Kuyavunywa, ubuhlobo bumayelana nabantu ababili, kodwa akudingekile ukuba ubambe ukuthi ungubani. Kungani abantu bekhala nge-gaslight? Impendulo elula yalo mbuzo iwukuba nesandla esiphezulu, ukulawula i-alpha phezu kobudlelwane.

Umlingani okhanyisa igesi uzodiliza umcabango wakho kanye nesitini sesisekelo ngezitini ukuze ulahlekelwe umbono wakho wokuzihlukanisa futhi uhlanganyele emidlalweni yabo yokukhohlisa. Ngeke iphindwe ngokwanele ukuthi udinga ukuzigcina ugxile. Ungavumeli ukusikisela komngane wakho womshado, ukungabaza, kanye nenhlebo kunyakazise ukukholelwa kwakho kuwena nakho konke okukuzungezile.

Ukukhanyisa igesi kuwumdlalo wamandla futhi udinga ukwazi ukuthi ubudlelwano abukho mayelana namandla, bumayelana nokuthembana, inhlonipho nothando. Ukulawula imicabango nemizwa yakho kungakusiza ukuba ubhekane nomlingani wakho okhanyisa igesi ngendlela engcono.

Ukufunda Okuhlobene: Ungabhekana Kanjani Nomyeni Olawulayo?

4. Ungasabela kanjani kumlingani we-gaslighting? Gxila ekumangaleleni

Enye yeziphambeko ezinkulu zobuntu obungenandaba ukuthi bangabaqambimanga abasobala. Bangakubuka emehlweni, balale ngobuso bakho futhi ngeke usabona ngisho nelincane ihlazo noma ukuzisola. Lena yindlela abadlala ngayo ukuze ukholwe amanga abo bese uziqagela. Unomlingani oqamba amanga , futhi ukusebenzelana naye kunzima kunalokho ocabanga.

Okufanele ukwenze ukugxila ekusoleni. Bheka ukuthi kukhona yini ukwethembeka kulokhu abakujikijela ngakho bese ubhekana nakho ngendlela efanele. Ngokuvamile kunalokho, abashadile abasebenzisa igesi basola abalingani babo ngokwenza izinto abanecala ngabo.

Isibonelo, uma bekusola ngokubaqola noma uqamba amanga kubo, okumele ukwenze nje ukuhlehla bese uhlaziya ukuthi kukhona yini okwenzile ukubhebhezela lezo zinsolo. Uma ungakakwenzi lokho, maningi amathuba okuthi umlingani wakho uyena ogilamkhuba wokukopela nokuqamba amanga. Lokhu kuzokunika ukubamba kangcono isimo futhi kukusize ukubhekana nomlingani wokukhanyisa igesi.

Uma usuqonda ukuthi yini osolwa ngayo kanye nesizathu sokusolwa okunjalo, ungaqala ukuthola ukuthi ungakumisa kanjani ukukhanya kwegesi ebuhlotsheni. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi izindawo eziyinkinga ziyaziveza kuwe, okumele ukwenze nje ukuba nengxoxo ngazo. Lokho kusiholela ephuzwini elilandelayo, elihlanganisa ukubhekana nomlingani wakho.

5. Bhekana nabo ngenkinga

Ukuqonda ukuthi ungasinda kanjani ekukhanyeni kwegesi kungaba nzima kakhulu. Ama-gaslighters awakwamukeli kakhulu ukungqubuzana futhi kunzima ukumisa ukukhanya kwegesi. Bancamela ukuklabalasa kunokuba babheke izinto ngobuqotho. Nokho, akulimazi ukuzama. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umngane womshado okhanyisa igesi angase enze sengathi ulalele, kodwa ekugcineni, akusole, ethi ubuthatha izinto ngendlela engafanele nokuthi zonke izinsolo zabo nokunye ukuziphatha komuntu okukhanyisa igesi kwakungenxa yokukhathazeka nokunakekelwa.

Uma oshade naye ephika ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kwakhe futhi engazami ukuqonda noma ukushintsha, khona-ke lelo yilona phuzu elibi kakhulu umshado wakho ongaba nalo. Ngaphandle kokuba bezimisele ukuvuma umbono wakho, ukuthola ukuthi ungayeka kanjani ukugxekana ebudlelwaneni kungaba nzima kakhulu.

Ukufunda Okuhlobene: Ukuqonda Amandla Okuhlukunyezwa Ebudlelwaneni

6. Funa usizo lochwepheshe uma izinto ziba zimbi nakakhulu

Uma okuwukuphela kwento efika engqondweni yakho ukuthi, “Kungani abantu bedelela?” futhi lo mbuzo uphazamisa zonke izici zokuphila kwakho, udinga ukubonisana nochwepheshe ngokushesha. Umngane noma isihlobo singase sibe nobandlululo kuwe futhi singase singakwazi ukubheka isimo ngendlela eqotho njengoba umuntu wesithathu ongathathi hlangothi engenza.

Umeluleki noma umelaphi uzokusiza ukuthi ubone ukuwa kobudlelwano bakho ngendlela engcono futhi akuqondise namasu athile okubhekana nomlingani wakho oshisa igesi. Bazokusiza ukuthi wakhe kabusha ukuzethemba kwakho futhi bakuhambise ngokuziqinisa kangcono.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi uhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo ebudlelwaneni bakho, iphaneli yochwepheshe bezokwelapha abanolwazi i-Bonobology ingakusiza ukukunikeza amakhono adingekayo okubhekana nalesi sikhathi esinzima empilweni yakho.

7. Indlela yokugcina yokubhekana nomlingani okhanyisa igesi wukubashiya

Uma uthando lokukhanyisa igesi lubaluleke kakhulu kumlingani wakho kunothando lwabo ngawe, sekuyisikhathi sokuhamba. Cabanga ngokudivosa , kodwa yiba nombono oqondile. Ukuyeka umshado akulula, kodwa akulula ukuhlala nomuntu ongazikhathazi ngokuxazulula izinkinga zakho noma ukuziphatha kwakhe.

Ukukhanyisa igesi, uma kungagciniwe, kuba igatsha lokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo, futhi esimweni esinjalo, ukuhlukana kuyisixazululo kuphela. Umlingani okhanyisa igesi angase abheke lokhu njengelinye ithuba lokukukhanyisa kakhudlwana, kodwa kudingeka ukhumbule ukuthi lokhu kumane kuwukukhanyisa okwenziwe ngamabomu.

Futhi, ukuhlukanisa nomuntu ozikhukhumezayo kuzoba enye impi, kodwa unamandla kulokho. Noma yiziphi izincazelo nezingxoxo ezengeziwe zizoba ziningi kakhulu, yingakho udinga ukwenza isinqumo futhi uqine esinqumweni sakho sokuhoxa.

Kubuhlungu ngempela ukuthanda umuntu ngokuzimisela kangangokuthi ukulungele ukubhekana nakho konke akuphonsa kuwe, kodwa ekupheleni kosuku, akukho lutho okufanele luze ngaphezu kokuzihlonipha kwakho nempilo yengqondo. Abanye abantu abakwazi ngempela ukuthandwa.

Umlingani okhanyisa igesi angase angakwazi ukuziphatha kwabo, kodwa bayokuvuma lapho bebona iphutha labo. Uma bengakwenzi, kufanele wamukele ukuthi bashade nawe kuphela ukuze uthole amandla futhi kungcono ukuhlala amamayela kude nobubi.

Ukukhanyisa emsebenzini

Ukukhanyisa igesi akwenzeki kuphela ebudlelwaneni obuseduze kodwa nasebudlelwaneni obusemthethweni emsebenzini. Ama-HR ezinkampani aphinde asebenzise amasu okukhanyisa igesi ukuze agcine isisebenzi sithobela. UCelina Brown, intatheli yephephandaba elaziwayo, wazakhela izitha eziningi ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe omuhle kanye nekhono lakhe lokudlala iqembu.

Kodwa u-HR wakhe wayefuna ukugcina ukuthandwa kwakhe okukhulayo futhi wamtshela ukuthi bebelokhu bethola izikhalo ngaye eqenjini lakhe. Akukho okwakuyiqiniso kodwa kwakuyisu elihle lokukhanyisa igesi ukumgcina esaba. Abaphathi kwabangaphansi, amaqembu akwa-HR kubasebenzi abakhanyisa igesi kusetshenziswa kakhulu emsebenzini. Ukusebenzelana ne-gaslighter emsebenzini kungase kube nzima nakakhulu ngoba amanga abo noma ukukloloda kungaholela enkingeni yobungcweti.

Ngakho-ke uqinisekisa ukuthi unayo yonke imiyalelo evela kosebenza naye we-gaslighter ngokubhala nge-imeyili. Ukuze bangakwazi ukukutshela kamuva, awukhumbuli ukuthi babetheni futhi basebenzise amasu abo okukhohlisa.

Kungaba emsebenzini noma ebudlelwaneni obuseduze amasu akhohlisayo asetshenziswa i-gaslighter kunzima ukubhekana nawo. Kodwa ngobuhlakani obuncane nokubekezela, ungabakhombisa isibuko. Khumbula uma kufanele ubhekane nemiphumela ye-gaslighting kufanele uqine ngempela.

Izimpi Nomyeni Wami Ziphenduka Zimbi

Izizathu Ezingu-7 Ezenza Ama-Narcissists Angakwazi Ukugcina Ubudlelwano Obuseduze

Umnikelo wakho awuyona iminikelo yokusiza . Kuzovumela i-Bonobology ukuthi iqhubeke nokukulethela ulwazi olusha nolusesikhathini njengoba sifuna ukusiza noma ubani emhlabeni ukuthi afunde ukwenza noma yini.

Bheka Inqubo Yethu Yokuhlela

Hlangana Nebhodi Lethu Lokubuyekeza

Yabelana Ngempendulo

Ithini impendulo yakho?

×

Eziwusizo Bika Iphutha Izincwajana zemininingwane

Hambisa