Zizindikiro 18 Zochenjeza Kuti Mukuchita Chibwenzi ndi Sociopath & Momwe Mungadzitetezere

Pofika pano, muyenera kuti mwawonera kwambiri pulogalamu ya Netflix inu ndipo adachita mantha ndikukopeka ndi protagonist wake Joe Goldberg. Joe akuyamba ngati wokongola komanso wochezeka wokhala ndi chidwi chokondana kwambiri ndi azimayi osiyanasiyana. Koma pamene chiwonetserochi chikupita, mumazindikira kuti zonse sizili bwino ndi ngwazi yathu. Joe akuwonetsa njira zowopsa (komanso zosaloledwa) zosungira akazi ake pansi pa ulamuliro wake. Kotero, inu mukhoza kudabwa, ndi inu zonse zokhudzana ndi chibwenzi ndi sociopath? 

Zoona alibe chikumbumtima? Ndipo kodi tiyenera kuda nkhaŵa ngati anthu a m’miyoyo yathu mwadzidzidzi amawoneka ngati Joe kuposa mmene ayenera kuchitira? Kodi tanthauzo la sociopath ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tiphunzire za khalidwe la sociopathic mu maubwenzi mothandizidwa ndi Jui Pimple (MA in Psychology), katswiri wophunzitsidwa bwino wa Rational Emotive Behavior ndi katswiri wa Bach Remedy yemwe amagwira ntchito pa upangiri pa intaneti. 

Kodi Sociopath ndi chiyani?

Jui akufotokoza kuti, "Sociopath ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto la antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) kapena kusonyeza makhalidwe osagwirizana ndi anthu. kusowa maganizo monga chifundo kwa ena, chisoni, ndi kudziimba mlandu chifukwa chowononga ena. Nthaŵi zambiri amaswa malamulo, kunyalanyaza katundu kapena chitetezo cha ena, ndipo amasonyeza makhalidwe aukali ndi osasamala kwa ena kapena katundu wawo. Adzawononga ena ndi cholinga chowavulaza kapena kuwavulaza.”

Malinga ndi DSM-5 ( The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ), mawu akuti 'sociopath' ndi 'psychopath' amatanthauza munthu amene amakhala ndi vuto losagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. ASPD imatanthauzidwa mwachipatala kuti ndi matenda a maganizo pamene munthu amasonyeza "kusamvera malamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikuphwanya ufulu wa ena mobwerezabwereza." 

Pazachipatala, palibe kusiyana pakati pa sociopathy ndi psychopathy. M'malo mwake, katswiri adzagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kusiyanitsa ndi kutanthauzira mitundu ya makhalidwe omwe alipo pansi pa chikhalidwe ichi. Zikumveka zosokoneza? Tiyeni tifotokoze. 

Kuwerenga Kofanana: 11 Chenjezo Zizindikiro Zosowa Kugwirizana Motengeka M'maubwenzi

Zizindikiro za sociopathy 

Ngati timvetsetsa kuti vuto la umunthu losagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe limaphatikizapo chizolowezi chonyalanyaza chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndiye kuti chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu mu maubwenzi chitha kuphatikizapo izi kapena zonsezi: 

• Munthu amene amanyalanyaza lamulo kapena kuswa malamulo mosalekeza kuntchito kapena m’macheza
• Wina wopyola malire a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikunyalanyaza ufulu wa wina. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuzemberana, kuwononga katundu, kapena kuba 
• Katswiri wounikira gasi yemwe nthawi zonse amasokoneza anthu kuti apeze phindu ndipo ndi wosaona mtima komanso wachinyengo. 
• Munthu amene amachita zinthu popanda kuganizira zotsatira za zochita zawo ndipo ndi wodzikonda 
• Munthu wochita ndewu mopambanitsa ndipo amamenya ndewu zakuthupi ndi kuzunza 
• Wina yemwe ali ndi zovuta kuwongolera zilakolako zawo ndikuwongolera maudindo 
• Wina wopanda liwongo kapena chisoni pa zochita zawo 
• Wina wopanda lingaliro la chitetezo ndi miyambo yachitukuko kwa iwo eni kapena ena owazungulira 

Anthu ambiri amene ali ndi vuto la umunthu wotere alibe chidwi ndi moyo ndi malingaliro a ena. Kudzikonda kwawo kungawapangitse kuwoneka ngati apamwamba mopambanitsa ndi odzikuza. Kotero, kodi sociopath ingayambe kukondana? Zedi, angathe! M'malo mwake, amatha kukhala okongola kwambiri ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito luntha ndi nthabwala zawo kukopa ena kuti ayambe kukondana nawo. Zomwe akumva zikusintha kuchokera kumilandu kupita kumilandu ndikubweretsa funso - kodi sociopath ingasinthe? 

Pali mikhalidwe ina ya sociopath yomwe imatha kuwoneka mosiyana malinga ndi jenda. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mwamuna kapena mkazi ndi "zachikhalidwe cha anthu" kuposa wina koma amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, amuna okonda chikhalidwe cha anthu m'maubwenzi amakhala ankhanza komanso achiwawa kuposa akazi. Azimayi omwe ali ndi zizolowezi za chikhalidwe cha anthu awonetsa zochitika zapamwamba za mikangano ndi mikhalidwe monga kukhumudwa kwambiri ndi kukwiya. Ma socialopaths achikazi ndi zizolowezi zachinyengo zimayendera limodzi. Azimayi omwe ali ndi makhalidwe a sociopathic angakhalenso ochulukirapo wosokoneza maganizo, kumayambitsa kudandaula monga, “Mtsikana wanga wamkazi alibe chifundo,” pamene amuna amatha kusonyeza makhalidwe omveka bwino.  

Kodi sociopathy imayambitsa chiyani? 

Sociopathy nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati chotsatira cha chilengedwe ndi kukulira m'malo mwa chibadwa (poyerekeza ndi psychopathy, yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi biology ndi ubongo). Ngakhale kuti mikhalidwe ina yobadwa nayo ingakhudzidwe, zinthu monga momwe adaleredwera, kupwetekedwa mtima paubwana, kuzunzidwa, chiwawa, ndi mikangano ndi osamalira zingayambitse makhalidwe a anthu. Palinso gawo lina la kafukufuku wofufuza kugwirizana pakati pa matenda a maganizo ndi matenda osokonekera monga dementia omwe angayambitse makhalidwe osagwirizana ndi anthu, koma umenewo ndi mutu wosiyana kwambiri. 

Jui akufotokoza kuti, “Mofanana ndi matenda ena aumunthu kapena matenda amisala, palibe chifukwa chenicheni chimene chimachititsa kuti anthu azivutika maganizo. kukhala sociopath. "

Chithandizo cha sociopathy 

Vuto lomwe limakhalapo ndi mikhalidwe monga sociopathy ndikuti anthu omwe amakhala ndi izi samazindikira vuto. Zotsatira zake, sociopaths mu maubwenzi safuna thandizo la akatswiri pokhapokha atakakamizidwa. Mankhwala ena a ASPD angaphatikizepo: 

• Psychotherapy
• Kuwongolera mkwiyo mankhwala
• CBT (chidziwitso chamankhwala) 
• Magulu a uphungu wa achire
• Mentalization-based therapy 

Koma, kodi sociopath ingasinthe? Pokhapokha ngati munthu wokhudzidwayo akufuna kuchita khama ndipo mofunitsitsa akufuna kusintha, palibe mankhwala awa omwe angapambane. Jui amalimbikitsa munthuyo kulingalira za “mankhwala ochiritsira maganizo, mankhwala, ndi chichirikizo cha banja ndi ena.” Ananenanso kuti, "Chofunika kwambiri pamagawo aliwonse a ubale wa anthu ndi kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira kuti pali cholakwika mkati ndipo chiyenera kuchiritsidwa." 

Kuwerenga Kofanana: Katundu Wamtima - Zomwe Zimayambitsa, Zizindikiro, ndi Njira Zothetsera

Zizindikiro 18 Zochenjeza Kuti Mukuchita Chibwenzi ndi Sociopath 

Taonani, sitikunena kuti tsiku lililonse amene kudzikonda kapena kukangana ndi kwambiri zinchito sociopath. Anthu ena ndi opondereza komanso opanduka koma sikuti amavomereza kutchulidwa ndi mawu amphamvu monga 'psychopath' kapena 'sociopath.' Pokumbukira izi, pali zizindikiro zomwe zingayankhe funso lanu, "Kodi ndili pachibwenzi ndi sociopath?" Ndikwabwino kuzindikira ngati izi zikuchitika mosasintha musanalembe aliyense. 

Malinga ndi akatswiri, nazi zizindikiro 18 zosonyeza kuti mungakhale pachibwenzi ndi sociopath: 

1. Amanama. Zambiri 

Munthu yemwe ali ndi zizolowezi za chikhalidwe cha anthu amanama pa chilichonse. Amanama ngati akufuna njira yawo kapena kuti athe kulamulira zinthu. Nthawi zina amanama chifukwa choti angathe. Jui akuti, “Mabodza ndi zinthu zofala zomwe anthu amalankhula komanso osadziimba mlandu kapena kumva chisoni.” Zosasintha kunama pachibwenzi ndichizindikiro chotsimikizirika chakuti zinthu sizili monga momwe zimawonekera ndipo munthu amene muli naye pachibwenzi angakhale ndi vuto la umunthu wake. 

2. Amapandukira malamulo 

Zomwe zimawoneka ngati 'zozizira' komanso 'zotsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa' posakhalitsa zimakhala zodetsa nkhawa komanso zovulaza. Khalidwe lanu la 'anyamata oyipa' kapena 'asungwana oyipa' atha kubweretsa zinthu zoopsa komanso zachiwawa, ndipo chitetezo chanu chingakhalenso pachiwopsezo. Jui akuwonjezera kuti, "Mukadzifunsa kuti, "Kodi ndili pachibwenzi ndi sociopath?" samalani chizoloŵezi chawo chophwanya malamulo ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuchita tero monyadira Kuswa malamulo nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kumakhala kosiyana, koma kukakhala khalidwe lachizoloŵezi, likhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe cha anthu.”

3. Kudzikuza kwawo n’kopanda maziko 

Sociopaths mu maubwenzi amawoneka ngati odzidalira kwambiri komanso odzikuza. Kudzikuza kwawo kumakwezeka kwambiri, ndipo amadziwonetsa kukhala apamwamba kuposa ena omwe ali nawo pafupi. Mawonekedwe a nkhope zawo, thupi, ndi mtima wonse umakhala wofunika kwambiri. 

4. Amadziwika ndi khalidwe lawo lopupuluma

Izi zingamveke ngati zachilendo ngati munapangapo zokonzekera ndi munthu amene amakukhumudwitsani nthawi zonse, mosasamala kanthu za momwe mukumvera. Ma sociopaths owona amakhala opupuluma ndipo samasamala momwe ena akumvera. Amafuna kulamulira mkhalidwe uliwonse. Choncho, kukonzekera pasadakhale ndi kudzipereka kungakhale kosavomerezeka. 

Kuwerenga Kofanana: Zizindikiro 15 Zoti Munthu Osapezeka M'malingaliro Amakondana Nanu

5. Ndiwokongola kwambiri 

Sikuti munthu aliyense wokongola yemwe mumakumana naye ndi wonyenga, koma sociopath iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito chithumwa kuti iwononge moyo wanu. “Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala okongola kwambiri kapena achikoka,” akutero Jui, akumawonjezera kuti, “Poyang’ana pamwamba, amakhala okoma kwambiri, ndipo umadzimva kukhala wokopeka nawo kwambiri.” Adzayendanso mofulumira kwambiri m’unansi umene cholinga chobisika chingakhale kulamulira bwenzi lake. Ngati mnzanuyo angathe kukopa alendo chikondi bomba, khalani moyo wa phwandolo, ndipo pambuyo pake amadyera masuku pamutu anthu ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito, mbendera zofiira zikukupizani monyanyira pamaso panu. Samalani. 

6. Ubwenzi wanu ukuyenda mofulumira kwambiri 

Magawo a ubale wa sociopath amayenda mwachangu kwambiri. A sociopath manipulative amapita ku 'kupha' mophiphiritsa nthawi yomweyo. Iwo akhoza kukonzekera tsogolo lanu pamodzi pa tsiku lanu lachiwiri ndi kumufunsirira posachedwapa. Chomwe chimakwiyitsa sociopath ndikulephera kudziletsa. Amagwiritsa ntchito njirazi kuti akugwirizanitseni ndi chithumwa chawo ndikukonzekera tsogolo labwino popanda kukupatsani nthawi yowona mabodza ndi chinyengo. 

7. Amagwiritsa ntchito zolakwa kuti apeze njira yawo 

Muubwenzi ndi sociopath, nthawi zambiri mumadzipeza nokha kukhala wolakwa kuchita mwanjira inayake. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yofunikira kuti apeze zomwe akufuna. Chomwe chimakwiyitsa sociopath ndikuti alibe ulamuliro. Nthawi zina izi zingaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito chibadwa chanu ndi chifundo kuti apindule nawo. 

8. Ubwenzi ukhoza kukhala wankhanza 

Ma sociopaths ambiri amakhala ndi mkwiyo wosalamulirika komanso amakhala ndi zovuta zowongolera mkwiyo. Sociopaths ndi ansanje mu maubwenzi komanso. Izi, kuphatikizapo ukali wosalamulirika ndi mikangano, zingayambitse kuzunzidwa kwamaganizo (ndipo ngakhale kumutu). Kuopa kwanu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida china chowongolera kuti muchepetse vutolo. 

9. Amayendetsa chilichonse kuti chiwathandize 

"Ngati mnzako amakunyengerera pogwiritsira ntchito chithumwa chawo kapena machenjerero awo amalingaliro kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo, mungakhale mukuchita ndi sociopath.” Iwo amakopa anthu ndi chithumwa chawo ndi nzeru zawo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kuti ndi odalirika.” Munthu akagwidwa ndi zithumwa zake, mbali yake yonyenga imayamba kuchitapo kanthu, ndipo mwamsanga amazindikira ndi kudalira kupezerapo mwayi pa zolakwa ndi zofooka za munthuyo. 

10. Amakonda kusewera wozunzidwa

Ngati zinthu sizikuyenda bwino, ndipo mnzanuyo mwadzidzidzi akutulutsa khadi lozunzidwa, dziwani kuti angakhale akudzinamizira kuti alibe thandizo kapena olakwiridwa kuti apeze njira yawo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe anthu ambiri amazinena ndikuti aliyense amadana nazo komanso amadana nazo. Izi zitha kuchitika kuti mulimbikitse chikondi ndi chithandizo chanu. 

11. Kusakhulupirika si kwachilendo 

Ubwenzi ndi sociopath ukhoza kukhala wodzaza ndi nkhani zazikulu, monga kunyenga ndi kusakhulupirika. Wa mkazi mmodzi ubale wabwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kwa umunthu wa chikhalidwe cha anthu monga chomwe chimakopa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chisangalalo cha kuthamangitsidwa ndikumverera kukhala wolamulira. Kumbukirani, iwo amakana kutsatira malamulo aliwonse ndi kunyalanyaza tanthauzo la kukhulupirika ndi kudzipereka kwathunthu. Chifukwa chake, maubwenzi awo ambiri amakhala osakhalitsa. 

12. Sociopaths alibe dongosolo m'miyoyo yawo 

Malipoti akuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la sociopathy amakhala pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mowa. Ulova ungakhalenso vuto. Nthawi zambiri amakhala odzikonda komanso alibe chidwi ndi moyo wa ena komanso momwe amakhudzira miyoyo ya ena. 

13. Sociopaths alibe chifundo 

Sociopaths alibe luso lomvera chisoni. Kaŵirikaŵiri salingalira malingaliro a munthu wina kapena kuzindikira kapena amadziimba mlandu chifukwa cha zowawa zimene amayambitsa. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu azitha kuona zinthu mmene munthu wina amazionera. M’kufunafuna kwawo mphamvu ndi ulamuliro, kaŵirikaŵiri savomereza malingaliro ndi mavuto a ena. 

14. Amanyozera malire; 

Sociopath samvetsa tanthauzo la mawu oti 'ayi'. Sadzavomera chilichonse chomwe sichikuyenda bwino ndipo adzachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti asinthe zinthu kuti ziwapindulitse. Izi zingaphatikizepo kusalemekeza malire anu, - kaya mwamalingaliro kapena mwakuthupi, - mpaka atapeza njira yawo. 

Kuwerenga Kofanana: Chophatikizira Cholepheretsa-Kupewa: Zizindikiro, Zoyambitsa, ndi Njira Zogonjetsera

15. Alibe maubwenzi apamtima 

Ngakhale poyamba, mnzanuyo angakusangalatseni ndi chithumwa chawo komanso mosavuta kupeza mabwenzi, posachedwa zidzaonekera, kuti awotcha milatho yawo yambiri ndipo sakhala ndi mabwenzi apamtima. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo chifundo komanso kutha kugwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu ena. 

16. Amakana kusintha 

Ngati mnzanuyo akukana kuwona gawo lawo pavuto ndipo sasintha khalidwe lawo, mukuyang'ana zizolowezi zabwino za chikhalidwe cha anthu. A sociopath amakana kuvomereza zotsatira za zochita zawo ndipo adzapitiriza kuphwanya malire ndi kusalemekeza ena. Ngakhale atauzidwa kangati kuti akufunika kusintha. 

17. Ndiobwezera chilango;

A classic sociopath ndi wobwezera komanso wobwezera. Amasunga chakukhosi ndi funani njira zobwezera kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati mukhala kumbali yawo yolakwika, iwo angawoneke okongola. Koma dziwani kuti akukonzekera ‘chilango’ chokwanira kwa miyezi ikubwerayi. 

18. Saganizira gawo lawo Pamkangano uliwonse 

Nthawi zonse ndi vuto la wina. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zanu ngati mukuchita ndi sociopath. Malingaliro anu nthawi zonse amasiyidwa kukhala opanda mphamvu, ndipo ngati simuvomereza thayo la gawo lanu mkangano, pangakhale nkhanza. 

Zotsatira Za Kukhala Paubwenzi Ndi Sociopath 

Zotsatira za kukhala paubwenzi ndi sociopath zimatha kusiyana pakati pa munthu ndi munthu. Thandizo laukatswiri lingalimbikitsidwe ngati banja, wokondedwa, kapena wantchito mnzako akuchita ndi anthu ocheza nawo. Zonse zomwe zanenedwa ndi kuchitidwa, ngati muli kapena mwakhala paubwenzi ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto la chikhalidwe cha anthu, zotsatira zake zingakhale zokhalitsa. Mosapeweka, pali mtundu wina wa nkhanza womwe umachitika, womwe ungakhale wopweteketsa mtima. Zotsatira zina za chibwenzi ndi sociopath ndi monga:

• Kudziyang'anira pansi 
• Matenda amisala 
• Kukhala kutali ndi abwenzi ndi okondedwa 
• Mavuto ogwira ntchito chifukwa cha mavuto a ubale 
• PTSD 
• Kugwirizana kwa zoopsa 
• Kusokonezeka maganizo 
• Kuda nkhawa 
• Nkhani zowongolera mkwiyo 
• Kusakhulupirira ena 
• Nkhani za ubwenzi 

Ndiye, mungakhale bwanji paubwenzi ndi sociopath? Chabwino, pamene thanzi lanu lamaganizo ndi lakuthupi lili pachiwopsezo, unansi uliwonse umavulaza kwambiri kuposa ubwino. Ngati pali nkhanza zamtundu uliwonse, ganizirani kupeza thandizo la akatswiri ndi malangizo okhudza kusiya chibwenzicho bwinobwino.  

Kuwerenga Kofanana: Momwe Mungagonjetsere Kudalira pa Maubwenzi

Momwe Mungadzitetezere Mukakhala pachibwenzi ndi Sociopath

Ngati mukupeza kuti muli paubwenzi ndi sociopath ndipo mukufunabe kupitiriza ndi chibwenzi, zingakuthandizeni kuchita izi: 

• Zindikirani zomwe mukukumana nazo: Dziphunzitseni za vutoli. Werengani za vutoli ndipo dziwani zomwe mukukumana nazo. Pangani mtendere wanu ndi chenicheni chakuti malingaliro anu, malingaliro anu, ndi kawonedwe kanu sizingamveke konse. Ndipo kupanga zisankho mwanzeru pa nkhani ya tsogolo la ubale wanu. 

• Phunzirani momwe mungayendetsere zinthu mosamala: Fotokozani mmene khalidwe lawo limakukhudzirani inu ndi ena ozungulira iwo. Phunzirani kukhazikitsa malire omveka bwino okhudza chitetezo chanu cham'maganizo ndi chaumwini ndipo musadzimve kukhala ndi mlandu potero. Mukamvetsetsa chifukwa chake munthu amachitira zinthu mwanjira inayake, kungakuthandizeni kuchitapo kanthu ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Osapeputsa vuto la sociopathic lomwe mukukumana nalo ndipo nthawi zonse khalani patsogolo chitetezo chanu. 

• Dziyang'anire nokha: Thandizani wokondedwa wanu panthawi ya chithandizo komanso kuika patsogolo zosowa zanu. Mungapindulenso ndi kupezekapo uphungu wamabanja kapena magawo a chithandizo chabanja. Mukhozanso kujowina magulu othandizira. Ulendo wanu ndi katswiri wodziwa chithandizo ukhoza kukuthandizani kukulitsa luso lanu loyankhulana, kupanga njira zanu zothanirana ndi vutoli, kuzindikira machenjerero a mnzanuyo ndi nkhani zaukali, ndi kukuthandizani kukonzekera njira yotuluka ngati chibwenzicho chidzakhala chankhanza kapena chosatetezeka. 

Palibe chobisika kuti kukhala ndi sociopath ndi chiyembekezo chovuta. Ngati muumirira kukhalabe paubwenzi wotero, njira yokhayo yodzitetezera ndiyo kupeza chithandizo cha akatswiri ndi kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chanu ndi zosowa zanu zikukwaniritsidwa. Monga mukudziwa, alangizi aluso ndi ovomerezeka pa Gulu la Bonobology ali nthawi zonse chifukwa cha inu.

Kupatula izi, kuleza mtima, kumvetsetsa, ndi malire ayenera kukhala mawu anu opita patsogolo. Ndipo kumbukirani, ngati pali nthawi ina yomwe chitetezo chanu kapena chitetezo cha okondedwa anu chili pachiwopsezo, ndikofunikira kuti mutuluke nthawi yomweyo. 

Ibibazo 

Zizindikiro 5 Zokhudza Nkhanza Zomwe Muyenera Kusamala Pochenjeza Wothandizira

Kusokoneza Maubwenzi - Zizindikiro 11 Zosawoneka Kuti Ndiwe Wozunzidwa

Momwe Mungachitire Ndi Munthu Amene Amakuimbani Chilichonse - Njira 21 Zanzeru

Zopereka zanu sizikupanga zachifundo Mphatso. Zilola kuti Bonobology ipitilize kukubweretserani zidziwitso zatsopano komanso zaposachedwa pakufuna kwathu kuthandiza aliyense padziko lapansi kuphunzira momwe angachitire chilichonse.