Kuzindikira 13 Red Flags Of A Controlling Relationship

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mnzanu wosamala ndi wolamulira, komwe ambiri a ife sitikudziwa. Kuti mumvetse momwe ubale wolamulira ungakhalire woopsa, onani kafukufukuyu wokhudza nkhanza zamaganizo womwe umati, "Adokotala ndi alangizi ayenera kusamala kwambiri pa kuwongolera, kupatula machitidwe a okwatirana ngati chiyambi cha nkhanza zamaganizo."

Tiye tikambirane za Sarah, mtsikana wazaka 28, yemwe anali wokonza mafashoni, yemwe ankakonda kucheza ndi anzake komanso achibale ake. Komabe, moyo wake unasintha pamene adadutsa njira ndi Mark (mayina onse asinthidwa), wochita bizinesi woyendetsedwa. Sarah sankadziwa kuti ndi munthu wolamulira choncho. Nthawi zonse amatumizirana mameseji ndikufunsa komwe ali, akuumirira kuti mphindi iliyonse yaulere iperekedwe kwa iye. Amamva kuti ali wotsekeredwa, ali ndi nkhawa, komanso ngati akuyenda m'malo opangira mabomba. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha mgwirizano wolamulira.

Munkhaniyi, Anushtha Mishra (MSc mu Counseling Psychology) yemwe ndi katswiri pa zoopsa, maubwenzi, kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, chisoni, ndi kusungulumwa akufotokoza tanthauzo la khalidwe lolamulira komanso momwe mungazindikire zizindikiro zochenjeza. Malangizo awa adzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa nthawi yothetsa ubale wolamulira pamene mukuwona mosiyana ndi maubwenzi abwino komanso mnzanu wosamala.

Kodi Kulamulira Khalidwe Mu Ubale Ndi Chiyani?

Kulamulira khalidwe muubwenzi woopsa kumaphatikizapo zochita kapena malingaliro pamene mnzanu m'modzi amafuna kulamulira, kunyengerera, kapena kuletsa wina. Zingabwere m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kukuyang'anani nthawi zonse - Izi sizimaganiziridwa poyamba paubwenzi wolamulira chifukwa zimamveka ngati zachikondi kwa ambiri. Kenako amakuuzani zomwe mungathe kapena zomwe simungathe kuchita, amasunga maakaunti anu ochezera pa intaneti ndi maakaunti anu a imelo, ndipo amakupangitsani kudzimva kuti ndinu wolakwa pa zomwe mwasankha.

Khalidwe lolamulira limabweretsa kusakhulupirirana, ufulu, ndi ulemu pakati pa anthu muubwenzi , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu asakhale ndi mphamvu zambiri pamaganizo. Okwatirana olamulira nthawi zambiri amalamulira momwe mnzawo amaganizira, amamvera, kapena amachitira zinthu. Angakulekanitseni ndi abwenzi ndi abale anu, angakuuzeni kuti mudziwe chilichonse chokhudza moyo wanu, agwiritse ntchito njira monga kusokoneza maganizo, komanso angayambe kuopseza thupi. Maubwenzi ambiri olamulira amakhudza nkhanza zamaganizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wozunzidwayo amve ngati wagwidwa, ali ndi nkhawa, kapena nthawi zonse ali pachiwopsezo.

Kodi Zizindikiro Zowoneka bwino za Ubale Wowongolera Ndi Chiyani?

Kulamulira maubwenzi kumasokoneza maganizo ndipo kungawononge kwambiri wozunzidwayo. Oyang'anira abwenzi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo kuti athe kulamulira, kuphatikiza kuwongolera, kuwopseza, ndi kuwopseza. Nazi zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mutha kukhala pachibwenzi pomwe wokondedwa wanu amakulamulirani ndipo amakulamulirani molakwika. Ngati mukudabwa zomwe zimaganiziridwa kulamulira mu ubale, werengani.

1. Wolamulirayo amakupatulani kwa okondedwa anu

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zodziwika bwino komanso zofooketsa za mwamuna , mkazi, kapena mnzanu wolamulira ndichakuti angafune kuti mukhale nokha. Angakupangitseni kukhala ndi nthawi yochepa ndi anzanu ndi abale anu, zomwe zingakupangitseni kumva ngati muli nokha pachilumbachi, kutali ndi anthu omwe amakukondani.

Tsopano ndamvetsetsa kuti ndizachilengedwe kufunsa, "Kodi akuwongolera kapena osatetezeka pakukula kwa maukonde anga othandizira?" kapena “Kodi akuwongolera kapena akuwopa kuti anditaya?” Koma yankho liri m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Atha kukhala osatetezeka ndipo, chifukwa chake, amawonetsa machitidwe owongolera koma sizitanthauza kuti ndizoyenera.

Njira zingapo zomwe wokondedwa wanu angakulekanitseni ndi okondedwa anu ndi izi:

• Iwo angakulepheretseni kulankhula ndi anzanu ndi achibale anu, zomwe zingakuchititseni kukhala kovuta kuti muzionana pafupipafupi
• Atha kukusankhirani ndewu kapena kuchita zambiri chifukwa chofuna kucheza ndi okondedwa anu
• Angakuuzeni momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito nthawi yanu, ndikusiyirani malo ochepa ochezera kapena kukacheza ndi anzanu ndi achibale
• Atha kugwiritsa ntchito kudzipatula uku kuti akulamulireni kwambiri, zomwe zimakupangitsani kumva ngati ndiye njira yokhayo yopezera bwenzi.

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2. Kudzudzula nthawi zonse ndi momwe amalankhulira

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zoyamba za kulamulira mwamuna kapena mkazi mu maubwenzi oipa ndi chakuti akhoza kutenga udindo wa 'wotsutsa.' Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'modzi adzapeza zolakwika muzochita ndi umunthu wa mnzake. Mukalandira, umu ndi momwe mungamvere:

• Wokondedwa wanu amakupangitsani kukhala opusa
• Amakupangitsani kumva ngati simungakwanitse
• Mndandanda wawo wosatha wa madandaulo ndi kudzudzulidwa kosalekeza kumawononga kudzidalira kwanu ndi chidaliro pochita zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

3. Ufulu waumwini wochepa ndi khalidwe lofala la maubwenzi oipa, onyenga

Ufulu waumwini ndi nthawi yokhayokha ingamve ngati chinthu chosowa mu ubale wotere. Zimakhala ngati munthu wolamulira amakuikirani chingwe pakuyenda kwanu kulikonse, ndipo mumafunikira chivomerezo chawo ngakhale pazosankha zazing'ono kwambiri. Mukufuna kupita kocheza ndi anzanu? Pemphani chilolezo chawo. Kodi mukuganiza zoyamba kuchita masewera enaake atsopano? Kulibwino muwafunse kaye.

Wogwiritsa ntchito Reddit adagawana zizindikiro za mwamuna wolamulira, "Nthawi iliyonse ndikachita chilichonse ndekha, amapeza njira yondipangitsa kumva kuti ndine wolakwa nthawi zonse. Ndilibe moyo kupatula kukhala mkazi wake komanso mayi ake. Ndipo wandiphunzitsa kumva kuti ndine wolakwa ndikayesa kutero."

Kusintha kumeneku nthawi zonse kumabweretsa kusowa kwa malo anuanu ndipo kungakupangitseni kumva ngati mukuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse, ndipo chisankho chilichonse chimadalira chiweruzo ndi ulamuliro wawo. Popeza simungathe kupanga zisankho nokha, mumadzimva kuti ndinu ovutitsidwa, ofooka, komanso opanda thandizo. Ndikofunikira kuzindikira izi ngati chizindikiro chomveka bwino cha ubale wolamulira.

4. Wokondedwa wanu amagwiritsa ntchito kulakwa ngati chida

Ngati mumadzimva kuti ndinu wolakwa pafupipafupi, ndi chizindikiro choopsa muubwenzi. Kulamulira anthu nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito kudzimva ngati wolakwa ngati chida chopusitsira okondedwa awo kuti azimva chisoni ndi zinthu zomwe si vuto lawo. Kaya ndi kusamvana pang'ono kapena chisankho chosavuta, ali ndi njira yopangitsa okondedwa awo kunyamula katundu wa kudzimva ngati wolakwa nthawi zonse.

Wokondedwa wanu akhoza kukunyengererani kuti mudzimve kuti ndinu wolakwa mwa:

• Kukuimbani mlandu pa zinthu zomwe sizikuyenda bwino, ngakhale mutakhala kuti mulibe mphamvu pazochitikazo
• Kusewera khadi lozunzidwa kuti mumve kuti muli ndi udindo pazovuta zawo kapena zovuta
• Kubweretsa zolakwa zakale mobwerezabwereza, osakulolani kuti mupite patsogolo, ndikupangitsa kuti mukhale olakwa nthawi zonse
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mwakachetechete ngati njira yakulanga ndikukupangitsani kumva kuti ndinu wolakwa

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5. Ndi chiyani chomwe chimaonedwa ngati kulamulira mu ubale? Mnzako akamasokoneza zinsinsi zanu

Muubwenzi wapoizoni, wonyenga, kulamulira anthu kungapangitse malo oti aziyang'anira. Iwo amaumirira kuulula kwathunthu komanso kosalekeza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akufuna kudziwa chilichonse cha moyo wanu ndi komwe muli, ndikukusiyani ndi mwayi wochepa wodziyimira pawokha komanso malire anu. Izi ndi momwe kuwukira kwachinsinsi kumawonekera:

• Amayang'ana mauthenga anu: Akufuna kuwona zolemba zanu, maimelo, kapena chikhalidwe TV mauthenga, kukupangitsani inu kumverera ngati mulibe malo anu
• Amakayikira kusuntha kulikonse: Amakufunsani komwe muli, amene munalankhula nawo, komanso zimene munachita ngati kuti mukuzifufuza.
• Iwo amafuna kudziwa maganizo anu: Angakukakamizeni kuti muulule zakukhosi kwanu, ndikukupangitsani kumva ngati malingaliro anu si anu
• Amatsata mapazi anu: Atha kupita kuzinthu zonyanyira monga kutsatira malo anu kudzera pa foni yanu, kuonetsetsa kuti akudziwa komwe muli

6. Wokondedwa ngati uyu akumva kuti ali ndi ufulu wothetsa maloto anu

Mu mgwirizano wabwino, anthu onse awiri ali ndi mawu ofanana komanso ufulu wodzilamulira. Koma mnzanu wolamulira sangakhale wothandiza kwambiri pa maloto anu. Zifukwa kapena zifukwa zingakhale: Udindo wawo pa zachuma, mantha otaya ulamuliro pa inu, kusadzidalira, ndi zina zotero. M'malo mokulimbikitsani, angakulepheretseni kukwaniritsa zolinga zanu. Mungamve ngati zolinga zanu zikuphwanyidwa. Choyipa kwambiri, mungayambe kuganiza molakwika maloto ndi luso lanu.

7. Pakakhala nkhani zaulamuliro muubwenzi, kukwera ndi kutsika kwamalingaliro kumakhala kosapeweka

Muubwenzi wolamulira, mnzanuyo akhoza kusokoneza maganizo anu, mofanana ndi kukwera kwa rollercoaster komwe kumakupangitsani kumva chizungulire komanso kutopa. Ubale wabwino, komabe, usakusiyeni mukupachika. Kuwongolera mu ubale kumatha kuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

• Mnzawo wopondereza amadzutsa malingaliro akulu monga mkwiyo, chisoni, kapena nkhawa
• Ubwenziwu ukhoza kudziwika ndi kukhumudwa nthawi zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza bata
• Kuchita ndi ma rollercoasters amalingaliro awa kumatha kukhala kotopetsa, kukusiyani wotopa
• Zochita za mnzanuyo zingakhale zosayembekezereka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyembekezera zomwe adzachita. Atha kuchoka pakukhala okoma ndi okonda mphindi imodzi kupita ku mkwiyo ndi kutsutsa lotsatira, kukupangitsani inu kukhala m'mphepete
• Atha kuyamba kuzunzidwa m'malingaliro kapena kumenyedwa pomwe simukuyembekezera

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8. Amayang'aniranso chuma chanu

Kafukufuku wa 2023 akuti 22% ya omwe adafunsidwa adazunzidwa pazachuma muubwenzi wakale. Pafupifupi 33.9% ya iwo adakhalabe muubwenzi wozunzidwa chifukwa analibe ndalama, 46.8% adakhalabe chifukwa cha ana, 21% ankaopa wokondedwa wawo.

Pamene wokondedwa wanu amakupangitsani kudalira iwo kuti akuthandizeni zachuma, zimamveka ngati mumangiriridwa ndi leash. Atha kukhala ndi ulamuliro wokwanira pa ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi zomwe mumawononga, ndikukusiyani opanda ufulu wodziyimira pawokha. Zosankha zosavuta, monga kugulira zinthu kapena kulipira ngongole kapena kupezera mphatso kwa wokondedwa, zingafune kuti avomereze. M'magawo omaliza olamulira maubwenzi, amakulitsa malingaliro odalira ndalama mpaka zimakuvutani kuti mupange chisankho chandalama nokha.

Nthawi zovuta kwambiri, kuwongolera anthu kumatha kuchepetsa mwayi wa okondedwa wawo pazachuma kapenanso kuwamana ndalama ngati chida chowongolera ndi kuwongolera. Kuzindikira zizindikiro izi ndikofunikira kuti mubwezeretsenso ufulu wazachuma ndikuwongolera mbali zowongolera ubale. Ndikofunika kuika patsogolo kudziyimira pawokha pazachuma komanso kuthekera kopanga zisankho zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe mukufuna komanso moyo wanu wabwino.

9. Anzanu opondereza ndi akatswili onyenga

Anthu oterewa angasokoneze mfundo ndi kusintha zinthu kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo. Angapotoze chowonadi, kukunyozani , ndikukusiyani mukudzikayikira. Kusokoneza kumeneku nthawi zonse kungakhale kosokoneza komanso kodzipatula, koma ndikofunikira kuzindikira njira izi kuti muthe kumasuka ku ulamuliro wawo ndikupanga ubale wabwino ndi inu nokha komanso nawo.

Nawa njira zopusitsira zomwe olamulira amazigwiritsa ntchito:

• kuyatsa gasi: Izi zimaphatikizapo kukupangitsani kukayikira zomwe mumakumbukira, malingaliro anu, ndi malingaliro anu. Mwachitsanzo, angakane kunena kapena kuchita chinachake, ngakhale mutakhala ndi umboni wotsutsa
• Kukupatulani inu: Angayese kulamulira anthu amene mumacheza nawo komanso zimene mukuchita. Angakuchititseni kudziimba mlandu kapena kuchita manyazi chifukwa chocheza ndi anzanu komanso achibale anu popanda iwo
• Kugwiritsa ntchito zowopseza: Atha kugwiritsa ntchito kukuwopsezani kuti akusiyani kapena kudzipha pokunyengererani kuti muchite zomwe akufuna. DomesticShelters.org limanena kuti “ngati mnzanu wokuchitira nkhanza akuopsezani kuti adzipha, moyo wanunso ungakhale pangozi.” Zikatero, makamaka ndi mbiri yawo yachipongwe, fikani pamalo otetezeka, ndiyeno funani chithandizo cha inu nokha ndi mnzanu aliyense payekha.

10. Nsanje yopambanitsa ndiyofala polamulira maubwenzi

Muubwenzi wapoizoni, wonyenga, mnzanuyo akhoza kuopsezedwa ndi munthu aliyense kapena zochitika zomwe akuwona kuti zingawononge ubale wawo. Ngakhale kusagwirizana koopsa kungayambitse nsanje yopambanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, bwenzi lolamulira likhoza kuchita nsanje ngati mukulankhula ndi mnzanu wa kuntchito, kupita kokadya chakudya chamasana ndi mnzanu, kapena ngakhale kuyang'ana munthu wina.

Nsanje yopitirira muyeso imeneyi ingakhudze kwambiri ubale wanu. Ingakupangitseni kumva kuti ndinu nokha komanso kuti simukusangalala, ndipo ingakulepheretseni kukhala ndi ubale wabwino ndi ena. Nthawi zina, okondana nawo angagwiritse ntchito nsanje yawo kuti alungamitse khalidwe loipa, monga kuletsa kukhudzana ndi ena, kapena kukuvulazani mwakuthupi kapena m'maganizo.

11. Amatumiza kusayankhula

Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yochetekera ngati chida chothandizira kuti ozunzidwawo akhalebe pamtendere. Njira yochetekera ndi njira yochitira nkhanza zamaganizo zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuletsa kulankhulana ndi munthu wina ngati chilango. Zingakhale zosokoneza kwambiri komanso zodzipatula, ndipo zingapangitse wozunzidwayo kumva ngati akuyenda pa zipolopolo za mazira.

Pamene wolamulirayo akulankhula mwakachetechete, kwenikweni akunena kuti, “Ndikuchotsa chikondi changa ndi chisamaliro changa kwa inu kufikira mutachita zimene ndikufuna.” Zimenezi zingawononge ulemu wa wozunzidwayo ndi kudziona kuti ndi wofunika, ndipo kungachititse kuti zikhale zovuta kuti afotokoze zimene akufuna komanso mmene akumvera.

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12. Akuchita zoipa

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zoyamba za mwamuna kapena mkazi wolamulira ndi chakuti amatha kuchita masewera odzudzula m'malo motengera zochita zawo. Akanasintha mkangano uliwonse kukhala chowonera chala. Amakonda kupeputsa mlandu ndikuwulozera kwa inu, ndikupanga mikangano yosatha ndi zonenezana.

Kusinthana kwa mlandu kumeneku kungapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kuthetsa mavuto ndikusunga ubale wamtendere komanso wolimbikitsa. Kuzindikira njira imeneyi ndikofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi khalidwe lolamulira komanso kuyesetsa kuthetsa mikangano mwanzeru potengera kumvetsetsana ndi udindo.

13. Mnzanu yemwe amamulamulila amakambilana mwaukali

Muubwenzi wowongolera, okwatirana nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Atha kuwopseza kuti asiya chibwenzi, kudzivulaza, kapena kuchita zina zomwe zingakhumudwitse wokondedwa wawo ngati satsatira zomwe akufuna. Izi zingapangitse kuti pakhale malo apamwamba muubwenzi.

Nazi zitsanzo za malamulo oletsa omwe olamulira angagwiritse ntchito:

• “Ukapanda kupita nane kuphwando limenelo, ndisiyana nawe.”
• “Ngati susiya ntchito yako, ndichoka.”
• “Ngati suuza makolo ako za ife, ndiwauza zonse zimene unanena ponena za iwo.”
• Ngati suvala diresi iyi ku ukwati, sindipita.
• Mukapanda kundipatsa mawu achinsinsi anu onse, sindidzakudalirani.

Ultimatums ndi njira yosinthira ndikuwongolera. Amapangidwa kuti azikupangitsani kumva ngati mulibe chochita koma kuchita zomwe bwenzi lanu kapena chibwenzi chanu akufuna.

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Kodi Ndikoyenera Kusunga Ubale Ngati Wokondedwa Wanu Akulamulira?

Ubale wowongolera ndi wopanda thanzi komanso wowopsa mosasamala kanthu za jenda kapena zogonana za wozunzidwayo kapena wogwiriridwa. Koma kodi muyenera kuyesa kuchisunga? Palibe yankho lolondola kapena lolakwika ndipo ndikofunikira kuunika zabwino ndi zoyipa musanapange chisankho. Kumbali ina, kulamulira khalidwe kungawononge kwambiri ubwenzi. Kukhoza kuwononga kukhulupirirana, kufooketsa kudzidalira, ndi kuchititsa kudzipatula ndi kusungulumwa. Zitha kukhalanso kalambulabwalo wa nkhanza zina, monga nkhanza zakuthupi kapena nkhanza zamalingaliro.

Komano, n’zotheka kuti anthu asinthe khalidwe lawo. Ngati mnzanuyo ali wokonzeka kuvomereza khalidwe lawo lolamulira ndi kuyesetsa kulipiritsa, ndiye kuti pangakhale chiyembekezo cha chiyanjano. Komabe, m’pofunika kuona zinthu moyenera. Pamafunika nthawi ndi khama kuti awononge machitidwe akale.

Kumbukirani, muyenera kukhala paubwenzi wabwino komanso wolemekezeka , womwe umasamalira thanzi lanu lakuthupi ndi lamaganizo. Ngati mnzanuyo akulamulirani, simuyenera kukhala naye. Pali anthu omwe angakuthandizeni. Mutha kulankhulana ndi mnzanu wodalirika kapena wachibale wanu, kapena mutha kulankhulana ndi gulu lothandizira anthu omwe akukumana ndi nkhanza zapakhomo kapena magulu othandizira pa intaneti/osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Kodi Muthetse Liti Ubwenzi Wolamulira?

Ngati mukumva kuti mukulamuliridwa pachibwenzi, nazi zizindikiro zomveka bwino kuti mwina ndi nthawi yothetsa zinthu:

• Wokondedwa wanu sakufuna kusintha khalidwe lawo: Ngati wokondedwa wanu wakana kuvomereza kapena kuthetsa khalidwe lawo lolamulira, ndiye kuti sizingatheke kuti ubalewo ukhale wabwino.
• Mumaona kuti ndinu osatetezeka kapena mukuwopsezedwa: Ngati wokondedwa wanu wakuopsezani mwakuthupi kapena m'maganizo, kapena ngati mukuona kuti simuli otetezeka pamene muli nawo, ndiye kuti ndikofunikira kuthetsa chibwenzicho.
• Ndinu osakondwa komanso osakwaniritsidwa: Ngati simukusangalala pachibwenzi ndipo mumamva ngati mumakhala nthawi zonse kuyenda pa zipolopolo za mazira, ndiye nthawi yoti tipitirire
• Mukudziwa kuti muyenera kuchita bwino: Muyenera kukhala paubwenzi wabwino ndi waulemu ndi munthu amene amakukondani ndi kukuthandizani. Ngati mnzanuyo sakukuchitirani zomwe muyenera kukuchitirani, ndiye nthawi yoti muchoke
• Simuli nokha mukulingalira momwe mungatulukire mu ubale wowongolera. Ngati mwaganiza zochoka, kumbukirani kuti pali anthu amene amakuganizirani ndipo amafuna kukuthandizani. Yesani kupeza thandizo la akatswiri. Chonde dziwani kuti pali chiyembekezo. Mutha kutuluka ndikudzipangira nokha moyo wabwino.

Ngati muli paubwenzi wowongolera ndi munthu yemwe akuwonetsa mbendera zofiira zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa kapena ngati mukumva kuti mukuwongolera pachibwenzi mwanjira ina iliyonse, ndikofunikira kuti mudziteteze. Lankhulani ndi mnzanu wodalirika kapena wachibale wanu kapena funsani katswiri wa zamaganizo.

Ku Bonobology, timapereka thandizo la akatswiri kudzera mu gulu lathu la alangizi ovomerezeka omwe angakuthandizeni kuyamba njira yobwerera m'mbuyo ndikukupatsani upangiri waubwenzi. Ngati mukufuna thandizo la akatswiri, kumbukirani kuti zimatenga nthawi kuti mnzanu adziwe mavuto awo, komanso kuti inu ndi banja lanu muchiritse.

Ibibazo

Kuyatsa Gasi Mosafuna: Tanthauzo, Zizindikiro, Zitsanzo, Ndi Malangizo Oti Mupirire

Njira Zothandizira Kuti Muchiritse Kuchokera pa Kudalirana Ndi Kumanganso Moyo Wanu

25 Mavuto Odziwika Kwambiri Paubwenzi Ndi Mayankho Awo

Chopereka chanu sichikutanthauza chopereka chachifundo . Chidzalola Bonobology kupitiliza kukubweretserani chidziwitso chatsopano komanso chaposachedwa poyesetsa kuthandiza aliyense padziko lonse lapansi kuphunzira momwe angachitire chilichonse.

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